PROBABILISTIC REASONING OVER TIME
AI in Modern Approach : Stuart Russell Peter Norvig, Prentice Hall, 2003, Page 537~580
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p538
t
t

t
,
t = 0 t
= 1 t = 0
a b

p539
t
t
(1)

t
(2)

p540

±×¸² 1 

±×¸² 2

t

x-axis ±1 x-coordinate
p541
1.
2.

X-Y

t = 1 
p542
k > 0
k 0 ¡Â k < t
t t
+ 1 

f
p543
t

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(3)


t

t = 0 t = 1

t = 1

t = 1 t = 2

p544
t = 2

t + k + 1 t + k
(4)
<0.5, 0.5>



(5)
1 ¡Â k < t k + 1 t
(6)
p545

±×¸² 3
k 1 t
1 k 
(7)


1 k
t k + 1
1
1
t = 1 1 2
(8)
<.818, .182>

p546

O(t) k
O(t) t k

|
FORWARD-BACKWARD
(ev, 1, ..., t
0, ..., t 1, ..., t |
±×¸² 4
p547
O(|f|t) |f| O(|f|log t) log t
d d t t
d-step d


p548

±×¸² 5
t
t 

(9)
1. 


2.

m
p549
t t

1, ..., S S
S × S T

i j

t 
p550
0 

(10)
(11)
t
S-element S × S
t S
k
f b f

b f t
d t - d t

t - d

p551
t d + 1

d
(12)
T O B
(13)
B
(14)
B
f B
p552
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FIXED-LAG-SMOOTHING(
hmm S × S T d t f
B d-step
t > d f
¡ç FORWARD (f,
B
¡ç B
¡ç t ¡ç t + 1 t > d NORMALIZE (f × B1) |
±×¸² 6 d
(X, Y, Z)
X - coordinate ¥Ä

d d-element ¥ì
d × d ¥Ò
p553

±×¸² 7

1.

(15)
2.

(16)

p554

¥á 







p555

±×¸² 8
x-axis






(17)
(18)
p556

x
(19)
F
H 
(20)
¥ì
t + 1

p557
X - Y
4 × 4

±×¸² 9 X - Y
p558

±×¸² 10


p559


p560

±×¸² 11 X - Y
t
X - Y

p561
t = 22 t = 23 
(t = 22)

p562

±×¸² 12
t = 21 t = 22 t
= 21

t = 25

p563

±×¸² 13


p564

±×¸² 14
O(t) O(t)


p565
N N
t t
p566
|
PARTICLE-FILTERING (e, N, dbn) e N dbn
S
N W N i = 1 N S[i]
¡ç W[i]
¡ç S ¡ç WEIGHTED-SAMPLE-WITH-REPLACEMENT (N, S, W) S |
±×¸² 15 PRIOR-SAMPLE WEIGHTED-SAMPLE-WITH-REPLACEMENT O(N)
N 


N
t
(21)
N t
+ 1 t 
p567

±×¸² 16 N =
10 t
t + 1
t + 1



t + 1



t + 1
p568



p569
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Vowels |
Consonants B-N |
Consonants P-Z |
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Phone |
Example |
Phone |
Example |
Phone |
Example |
|
[iy] [ih] [eh] [æ] [ah] [ao] [ow] [uh] [ey] [er] [ay] [oy] [axr] [aw] [ax] [ix] [aa] |
beat bit bet bat but bought boat book bait Bert buy boy diner down about roses cot |
[b] [ch] [d] [f] [g] [hh] [hv] [jh] [k] [l] [el] [m] [em] [n] [en] [ng] [eng] |
bet Chet debt fat get hat high jet kick let bottle met bottom net button sing washing |
[p] [r] [s] [sh] [t] [th] [dh] [dx] [v] [w] [wh] [y] [z] [zh]
[-] |
pet rat set shoe ten thick that butter vet wet which yet zoo measure
silence |
±×¸² 17
[s iy l ih ng] [s
iy l ix ng] [s iy l en]
t
t
p570

n n-dimensional


±×¸² 18
p571
n > 2 

k
k k n k


[t] [s] [w]
p 572
[w] [w(s,iy)], [w] [s] [iy]
n


[t ow m ey t ow] [t ow m aa t ow] [t ow m ey t ow] [t ow m aa t ow]

[t] [ow] [t ah] [t ow]

[m]

p573

±×¸² 19 [ow] [ah]

±×¸² 20 [m]

p574

t
n 


p575
|
Word |
Unigram count |
Previous words |
|||||||
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of |
in |
is |
on |
to |
from |
model |
agent |
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the on of to is model agent idea |
33508 2573 15474 11527 10566 752 2100 241 |
3833 1 0 0 3 8 10 0 |
2479 0 0 4 6 1 3 0 |
832 33 29 450 1 0 3 0 |
944 2 1 21 4 1 2 0 |
1365 1 0 4 2 14 3 0 |
597 0 0 16 1 0 0 0 |
28 0 88 9 47 6 0 0 |
24 6 7 82 127 4 36 0 |
±×¸² 21

p
p576
3pW
A* decoder
A* n n W
W



p579
t + 1
p580
t t + 1
[eh]